Hard Upper Torso
Vorlage:Hinweisbaustein Hard Upper Torso Assembly oder HUT (englisch für fester Oberkörper) ist eine zentrale Komponente vieler Raumanzüge. Der Begriff kommt ursprünglich von der Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) der NASA. Ein HUT stellt einen festen Schutz für den Oberkörper des Raumfahrers dar. Das Hard Upper Torso Assembly besitzt Befestigungsmöglichkeiten für die Arme, den Helm, den Unterkörperschutz und die Beine. Oft ist ein Lebenserhaltungssystem integriert oder auf dem Rücken angebracht.<ref>{{#if:2018-12-25|{{#iferror: {{#iferror:{{#invoke:Vorlage:FormatDate|Execute}}|}}| |}}}}{{#if:|{{{autor}}}: }}{{#if:https://web.archive.org/web/20181225233404/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacesuits/home/clickable_suit_nf.html%7C{{#if:Learn About Spacesuits|[{{#invoke:Vorlage:Internetquelle|archivURL|1={{#invoke:URLutil|getNormalized|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225233404/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacesuits/home/clickable_suit_nf.html}}}} {{#invoke:Vorlage:Internetquelle|TitelFormat|titel=Learn About Spacesuits}}]{{#if:| ({{{format}}})}}{{#if:| {{{titelerg}}}{{#invoke:Vorlage:Internetquelle|Endpunkt|titel={{{titelerg}}}}}}}}}|{{#if:https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacesuits/home/clickable_suit_nf.html%7C{{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl%7Cfaculty%7Cja}}%7C{{#invoke:Vorlage:Internetquelle%7CTitelFormat%7Ctitel={{#invoke:WLink%7CgetEscapedTitle%7C1=Learn About Spacesuits}}}}|[{{#invoke:URLutil|getNormalized|1=https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacesuits/home/clickable_suit_nf.html}} {{#invoke:Vorlage:Internetquelle|TitelFormat|titel={{#invoke:WLink|getEscapedTitle|1=Learn About Spacesuits}}}}]}}{{#if:| ({{{format}}}{{#if:jaNASA2008-11-13https://web.archive.org/web/20181225233404/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacesuits/home/clickable_suit_nf.html{{#if: 2012-12-02 | {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}||1}}}}
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Die für die NASA entwickelte ursprüngliche EMU besaß Schultergelenke mit Balgen, welche die Änderung des Winkels der Arme zuließen. Dies erleichterte den Einstieg in den Raumanzug und ermöglichte es während einer EVA eine andere, der Tätigkeit im Weltraum angepasste Einstellung. Da die Balge nur eine kurze Lebensdauer hatten, wurde der Anzug in den 1990er Jahren umgestaltet und erhielt einen HUT mit festen Armwinkeln, genannt Planar HUT. Damit wurde allerdings die Mobilität des Trägers eingeschränkt und das An- und Ausziehen erschwert.<ref name="ILC">{{#if:2016-03-04|{{#iferror: {{#iferror:{{#invoke:Vorlage:FormatDate|Execute}}|}}| |}}}}{{#if:David Graziosi, Jinny Ferl, Keith Splawn|David Graziosi, Jinny Ferl, Keith Splawn: }}{{#if:https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083315/https://imageserv5.team-logic.com/mediaLibrary/93/Development_of_a_Space_Suit_Soft_Upper_Torso_Mobility_Sizing_Actuation_System.pdf%7C{{#if:Development of a Space Suit Soft Upper Torso Mobility/Sizing Actuation System|[{{#invoke:Vorlage:Internetquelle|archivURL|1={{#invoke:URLutil|getNormalized|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083315/https://imageserv5.team-logic.com/mediaLibrary/93/Development_of_a_Space_Suit_Soft_Upper_Torso_Mobility_Sizing_Actuation_System.pdf}}}} {{#invoke:Vorlage:Internetquelle|TitelFormat|titel=Development of a Space Suit Soft Upper Torso Mobility/Sizing Actuation System}}]{{#if:PDF; 327 kB| (PDF; 327 kB)}}{{#if:| {{{titelerg}}}{{#invoke:Vorlage:Internetquelle|Endpunkt|titel={{{titelerg}}}}}}}}}|{{#if:https://imageserv5.team-logic.com/mediaLibrary/93/Development_of_a_Space_Suit_Soft_Upper_Torso_Mobility_Sizing_Actuation_System.pdf%7C{{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl%7Cfaculty%7C}}%7C{{#invoke:Vorlage:Internetquelle%7CTitelFormat%7Ctitel={{#invoke:WLink%7CgetEscapedTitle%7C1=Development of a Space Suit Soft Upper Torso Mobility/Sizing Actuation System}}}}|[{{#invoke:URLutil|getNormalized|1=https://imageserv5.team-logic.com/mediaLibrary/93/Development_of_a_Space_Suit_Soft_Upper_Torso_Mobility_Sizing_Actuation_System.pdf}} {{#invoke:Vorlage:Internetquelle|TitelFormat|titel={{#invoke:WLink|getEscapedTitle|1=Development of a Space Suit Soft Upper Torso Mobility/Sizing Actuation System}}}}]}}{{#if:PDF; 327 kB| (PDF; 327 kB{{#if:ILC DoverJanuar 2004https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083315/https://imageserv5.team-logic.com/mediaLibrary/93/Development_of_a_Space_Suit_Soft_Upper_Torso_Mobility_Sizing_Actuation_System.pdf{{#if: 2021-12-17 | {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}||1}}}}
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}}}}{{#invoke:TemplatePar|check |all= url= titel= |opt= autor= hrsg= format= sprache= titelerg= werk= seiten= datum= abruf= zugriff= abruf-verborgen= archiv-url= archiv-datum= archiv-bot= kommentar= zitat= AT= CH= offline= |cat= {{#ifeq: 0 | 0 | Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Internetquelle}} |template= Vorlage:Internetquelle |format=0 |preview=1 }}</ref>
Die NASA hatte ursprünglich fünf verschiedene Größen von HUTs für die EMU vorgesehen. Wegen der hohen Herstellungskosten wurden HUTs aber zuerst nur in vier Größen gefertigt, dann in zwei, später in drei verschiedenen Größen, weshalb nicht alle Raumfahrer einen Weltraumausstieg durchführen können.<ref name="ILC"/>
Während bei der EMU der HUT über den Kopf gezogen und dann mit dem unteren Teil verbunden wird, besteigt der Raumfahrer beim russischen Orlan-Raumanzug diesen von hinten. Die Anziehprozedur ist damit einfacher auszuführen.<ref name="russianspacesuits">Isaak P. Abramow, A. Ingemar Skoog: Russian Space Suits. Springer-Praxis, 2003, ISBN 1-85233-732-X.</ref>
Einzelnachweise
<references />
{{safesubst:#ifeq:0|10| {{#switch: Hard Upper Torso |Navigationsleiste|NaviBlock|0=|#default= Vorlage:Templatetransclusioncheck Vorlage:Dokumentation/ruler }}}}Vorlage:Klappleiste/Anfang {{#if: Raumanzug
|
US-amerikanische: Mercury IVA | Gemini-Raumanzug | MOL-Raumanzug | A7L | Launch-entry Suit | Advanced Crew Escape Suit
Sowjetische/Russische: SK-1/SK-2 | Berkut | Jastreb | Krechet | Sokol | Orlan | Strisch
Europäische: EVA Suit 2000
Chinesische: Feitian
Projekte: Mark III | I-Suit | Bio-Suit | Space Activity Suit
Komponenten: Astronaut Maneuvering Unit | Extravehicular Mobility Unit | Hard Upper Torso | Manned Maneuvering Unit | Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue
|
US-amerikanische: Mercury IVA | Gemini-Raumanzug | MOL-Raumanzug | A7L | Launch-entry Suit | Advanced Crew Escape Suit
Sowjetische/Russische: SK-1/SK-2 | Berkut | Jastreb | Krechet | Sokol | Orlan | Strisch
Europäische: EVA Suit 2000
Chinesische: Feitian
Projekte: Mark III | I-Suit | Bio-Suit | Space Activity Suit
Komponenten: Astronaut Maneuvering Unit | Extravehicular Mobility Unit | Hard Upper Torso | Manned Maneuvering Unit | Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue }} Vorlage:Klappleiste/Ende
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Parameter:URL
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Parameter:Linktext
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Parameter:Datum
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:"
- Wikipedia:Weblink offline fix-attempted
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Toter Link
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Toter Link/URL fehlt
- Seiten mit defekten Dateilinks
- Raumanzug