Union Stock Yards
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Sie sorgte zwischen 1865 und 1971 dafür, dass Chicago als „hog butcher for the world“<ref>Carl Sandburg: Chicago. 1916</ref> (Schweineschlächter für die Welt) bekannt wurde und jahrzehntelang das Zentrum der amerikanischen Fleischverarbeitungsindustrie war. Beginnend mit dem Sezessionskrieg bis in die 1920er-Jahre mit dem geschäftigsten Jahr 1924 wurde in Chicago mehr Fleisch verarbeitet als an jedem anderen Ort der Welt.<ref name="M">Meatpacking. In: James R. Grossman, Ann Durkin Keating, Janice L. Ruff (Hrsg.): Encyclopedia of Chicago, S. 515–517, University of Chicago Press, 2004, ISBN 0-226-31015-9</ref> Das Unternehmen nahm seinen Betrieb zu Weihnachten des Jahres 1865 nach sechsmonatiger Bauzeit auf. Die Yards stellten zu Mitternacht am 30. Juli 1971 nach einigen Dekaden des Niedergangs während der Dezentralisierung der Fleischindustrie den Betrieb ein. Das Eingangsgebäude (Union Stock Yards Gate) wurde am 24. 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Geschichte
Vor der Errichtung der Gebäude boten Gastwirte Futter und Obhut für Viehherden an, die auf ihren Verkauf warteten. Mit zunehmender Verbreitung der Eisenbahn in den Vereinigten Staaten wurden Lagerplätze in und um die Stadt herum errichtet.<ref name="EoCUSY" /> 1848 waren viele kleine Lagerplätze entlang der Schienenstrecken über das gesamte Stadtgebiet verstreut.<ref name="CHS">{{#if:Vorlage:Cite book/URL|{{#iferror: {{#iferror:{{#invoke:Vorlage:FormatDate|Execute}}|}}| |}}}}{{#if:{{#if:
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|all = url= title= |opt = script-title= trans-title= archive-url= archiveurl= archive-date= archivedate= authors= vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= authorlink1= author-link= author-link1= author2= author-link2= author3= author-link3= author4= author-link4= author5= author-link5= author6= author7= author8= author9= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= others= language= lang= format= website= work= publisher= via= pages= page= at= date= year= id= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= arxiv= archivedate= archive-date= archivebot= accessdate= access-date= quote= comment= url-status= ref= url-access= orig-year= editor= editor-link= editor-last= editor-first= editor1-link= editor1-last= editor1-first= editor2= editor2-last= editor2-first= editor2-link= department= series= agency= location= place= publication-place= publication-date= type= asin= doi-broken-date= isbn= issn= jfm= jstor= lccn= mr= oclc= ol= osti= rfc= ssrn= zbl= postscript= df= mode= display-authors= display-editors= book-title= contribution-url= offline= coauthors= month= authorlink2= authorlink3= authorlink4= authorlink5= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= |cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite web |errNS = 0 |template = Vorlage:Cite web |format = |preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/Webarchiv | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:https://web.archive.org/web/20110319021659/http://www.chicagohs.org/history/stock.html%7C^^%7C%7C+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:2011-03-19|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:2011-03-06|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:en|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref> Für die Zusammenlegung all dieser Lagerplätze gab es eine ganze Reihe Gründe: Die westwärtige Erweiterung der Eisenbahn brachte Wohlstand in ein Chicago, das sich zu einem Eisenbahnknotenpunkt entwickelte; die Blockade des Mississippi während des Bürgerkriegs, die die Handelsroute entlang des Stroms unterbrach; der Einfluss der Fleischverarbeiter und des Viehs auf Chicago.<ref name="CHS" /> Um die Geschäfte zusammenzuführen, wurden die Union Stock Yards im Sumpfland südlich der Stadt errichtet. 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Während im Jahr 1870 rund zwei Millionen Stück Vieh verarbeitet wurden, steigerte sich die Zahl auf neun Millionen im Jahr 1890. Zwischen 1865 und 1900 wurden etwa 400 Millionen Stück Vieh auf dem Gelände geschlachtet.<ref name="USYTC">Union Stock Yard & Transit Co. In: James R.Grossman, Ann Durkin Keating, Janice L. Ruff (Hrsg.): Encyclopedia of Chicago. University of Chicago Press, 2004, ISBN 0-226-31015-9, Seite 947.</ref> Zur Jahrhundertwende des 20. 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|all = url= title= |opt = script-title= trans-title= archive-url= archiveurl= archive-date= archivedate= authors= vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= authorlink1= author-link= author-link1= author2= author-link2= author3= author-link3= author4= author-link4= author5= author-link5= author6= author7= author8= author9= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= others= language= lang= format= website= work= publisher= via= pages= page= at= date= year= id= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= arxiv= archivedate= archive-date= archivebot= accessdate= access-date= quote= comment= url-status= ref= url-access= orig-year= editor= editor-link= editor-last= editor-first= editor1-link= editor1-last= editor1-first= editor2= editor2-last= editor2-first= editor2-link= department= series= agency= location= place= publication-place= publication-date= type= asin= doi-broken-date= isbn= issn= jfm= jstor= lccn= mr= oclc= ol= osti= rfc= ssrn= zbl= postscript= df= mode= display-authors= display-editors= book-title= contribution-url= offline= coauthors= month= authorlink2= authorlink3= authorlink4= authorlink5= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= |cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite web |errNS = 0 |template = Vorlage:Cite web |format = |preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/Webarchiv | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:2007-03-06|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:en|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#ifexpr: {{#ifeq:^^|^^|0|1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1 | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref> Zweitausend dieser Mitarbeiter waren direkt bei der Union Stock Yard & Transit Co. angestellt, während der Rest für Unternehmen wie zum Beispiel die Fleischverarbeiter arbeitete, die Fabriken auf dem Gelände unterhielten.<ref name="USYTC" /> Um 1900 beinhaltete das 475 Acre (190 Hektar) große Gelände rund 80 km (50 Meilen) Straße und hatte 208 km (130 Meilen) Schienen entlang seiner Grenzen.<ref name="CHS1" /> Zu Spitzenzeiten bedeckten die Yards beinahe eine Quadratmeile Land (2,6 km²), von der Halsted Street bis zur Ashland Avenue und von der 39. 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An jedem Tag wurden rund 1,9 Millionen Liter Wasser aus dem Chicago River in die Yards gepumpt. Der südliche Arm des Flusses wurde derart durch Abwässer vom Gelände verschmutzt, dass der Fluss aufgrund der bei der Verrottung der Abwässer entstehenden Gase den Beinamen Bubbly Creek erhielt.<ref name="CHS1" /> Der Seitenarm blubbert auch heute noch.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if: | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot | Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }}
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Das Fleischpackerviertel wurde zwischen 1908 und 1957 durch eine kurze Linie der “L” mit einigen Zwischenstopps angefahren. Dies geschah hauptsächlich zum täglichen Transport der tausenden Arbeiter und auch Touristen zum Gelände. Die Linie wurde errichtet, als die Stadt gezwungen war, die Schienen auf der 40. Straße zu entfernen.<ref>{{#if:Vorlage:Cite book/URL|{{#iferror: {{#iferror:{{#invoke:Vorlage:FormatDate|Execute}}|}}| |}}}}{{#if:{{#if:
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Auswirkungen auf die Industrie
Die Größe und das Ausmaß der Yards sowie technologische Neuerungen im Bahntransport und in der Kühlung begünstigten das Entstehen der ersten amerikanischen globalen Unternehmen, die von Entrepreneuren wie Gustavus Franklin Swift und Philip Danforth Armour gegründet wurden. Der mechanisierte Prozess mit seinem Tötungsrad und Förderbändern gaben der Automobilindustrie die Inspiration für die heutigen Fertigungsbänder. Außerdem spielten Absicherungstransaktionen der Unternehmen auf dem Yard eine Schlüsselrolle für die Gründung und das Wachstum der Chicagoer Waren- und Terminbörse.
Viele Unternehmen der Fleischverpackungsindustrie waren rund um die Yards konzentriert, inklusive der Unternehmen Armour and Company, Swift & Company, Morris & Company und G. H. Hammond.<ref name="HS2" /> Schließlich blühten auch verwandte Industriebetriebe in der Nachbarschaft auf, die sich mit der Herstellung von Leder, Seife, Dünger, Kleber, Gelatine, Schuhpolitur, Knöpfen, Parfum, Elfenbeinimitat und Violinsaiten beschäftigten.<ref name="HS2" />
Brand
Am 22. Dezember 1910 brach ein Feuer auf dem Gelände aus, das einen Schaden in Höhe von 400.000 US-Dollar verursachte und einundzwanzig Feuerwehrleute das Leben kostete. Unter den Toten war der Fire Marshal (vergleichbar einem deutschen Feuerwehrdirektor oder Kreisbrandmeister) James J. Horan. Fünfzig Feuerwehrwagen- und sieben Leiterwagenbesatzungen bekämpften den Großbrand, der am 23. Dezember von Chief Seyferlich als gelöscht gemeldet wurde.<ref>{{#if:Vorlage:Cite book/URL|{{#iferror: {{#iferror:{{#invoke:Vorlage:FormatDate|Execute}}|}}| |}}}}{{#if:{{#if:
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Im Jahre 1971 wurde das Gebiet zwischen der Pershing Road, Ashland, Halsted, und 47. Straße umgewidmet zum Stockyards Industrial Park. Die Nachbarschaft westlich und südlich des Industrieparks ist immer noch als Back of the Yards (hinter den Yards) bekannt und beheimatet immer noch eine blühende Immigranten-Bevölkerung.
Eingangsgebäude
Ein Überbleibsel der Eingangstore überspannt immer noch die Exchange Avenue, direkt neben der Gedenkstätte für die Feuerwehrleute. Man kann das Gebäude sehen, wenn man auf der Halsted Street entlangfährt. Dieses Kalkstein-Gebäude, das den Eingang zu den Yards markierte, ist eines der wenigen Überbleibsel aus der Zeit, als Chicago die Stadt des Viehs und der Fleischindustrie war. Der Ochsenschädel über dem zentralen Bogen soll Sherman darstellen, einen Preisbullen, der nach John B. Sherman, einem der Gründer der Union Stock Yard and Transit Company, benannt wurde.<ref name="Landmarks" />
Wissenswertes
- Das Gelände war eine wichtige Touristenattraktion und wurde beispielsweise von Rudyard Kipling, Paul Bourget und Sarah Bernhardt besucht.
- Im Jahr 1906 veröffentlichte Upton Sinclair sein Buch The Jungle, das die schrecklichen Zustände auf dem Gelände zur Jahrhundertwende des 20. Jahrhunderts aufdeckte.
- Carl Sandburg spielt in seinem Gedicht Chicago auf die Yards an: “proud to be Hog Butcher, Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat, Player with Railroads and Freight Handler to the Nation”.
- Frank Sinatra erwähnte die Yards in seinem Lied aus dem Jahr 1964 My Kind of Town.<ref>{{#if:Vorlage:Cite book/URL|{{#iferror: {{#iferror:{{#invoke:Vorlage:FormatDate|Execute}}|}}| |}}}}{{#if:{{#if:
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- Skip James’ Lied Hard Time Killin' Floor Blues bezieht sich auf den Spitznamen der Schlachterei der Yards zur Zeit der großen Depression in den 1930er Jahren.
- Das Theaterstück Die heilige Johanna der Schlachthöfe von Bertolt Brecht spielt im Chicago der späten 1920er Jahre und thematisiert die schlechten Arbeitsbedingungen in den Stock Yards und den Kampf der Arbeiter dagegen.
Siehe auch
Literatur
- John Anderson: ‘Hog butcher for the world’ opens shop. In: Chicago Tribune, 30. Januar 1997, Chicago, S. 2, sec. 2.
- James R. Barrett: Work. 3rd ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque 1982.
- W. Jos. Grant: Illustrated History of the Union Stockyards. Chicago, 1901.
- Rick Halpern: Down on the Killing Floor: Black and White Workers in Chicago’s Packinghouses, 1904–54. University of Illinois Press, Chicago 1997.
- Susan Hirsch, Robert I. Goler: A City Comes of Age: Chicago in the 1890s. Chicago Historical Society, Chicago 1990.
- Glen E. Holt, Dominic A. Pacyga: Chicago: A Historical Guide to the Neighborhoods: the Loop and South Side. Chicago Historical Society, Chicago 1979.
- Thomas J. Jablonsky: Pride in the Jungle: Community and Everyday Life in Back of the Yards Chicago. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1993.
- J. G. Liste, George Schoettle: Union Stockyards Fire Photo Album. CHS, 1934.
- Olivia Mahoney; Go West! Chicago and American Expansion. Chicago Historical Society, Chicago 1999.
- Dominic Pacyga: Polish Immigrants and Industrial Chicago: Workers on the South Side, 1880–1922. Ohio State University Press, Columbus 1991.
- Dominic Pacyga, Ellen Skerrett: Chicago: City of Neighborhoods. Loyola University Press, Chicago 1986.
- William Parkhurst: History of the Yards, 1865–1953. Chicago 1953.
- William Rice: City creates nation’s livestock center. In: Chicago Tribune, 16. Juli 1997, Chicago, S. 7b, sec. 7.
- Jimmy Skaggs: Prime Cut: Livestock Raising and Meatpacking in the U.S. Texas A&M University Press, College Station TX 1986.
- Robert A. Slayton: Back of the Yards: The Making of a Local Democracy. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1986.
- Paul Street: Packinghouse Blues. In: Chicago History, 18, no. 3, 1989, S. 68–85., {{#if:Vorlage:Cite book/URL|{{#iferror: {{#iferror:{{#invoke:Vorlage:FormatDate|Execute}}|}}| |}}}}{{#if:{{#if:
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- Report of the Fire Marshal. Chicago (Ill.). Fire Dept., 1910, S. 23–24.
Weblinks
[{{canonicalurl:Commons:Category:{{#if:Chicago stockyards|Chicago stockyards|Union Stock Yards}}|uselang=de}} Commons: {{#if:|{{{2}}}|{{#if:Chicago stockyards|Chicago stockyards|{{#invoke:WLink|getArticleBase}}}}}}]{{#switch:1
|X|x= |0|-= |S|s= – Sammlung von Bildern |1|= – Sammlung von Bildern{{#if:
| {{#switch: {{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|1}}/{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|1}}
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|1/1=, Videos und Audiodateien
|/1= und Audiodateien}}
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|#default= – }}{{#if: Chicago stockyards
| {{#ifeq: {{#invoke:Str|left|chicago stockyards|9}}
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| FEHLER: Ohne Category: angeben!}}}}Vorlage:Wikidata-Registrierung
- Chicago Historical Society’s “History Files” (englisch)
- History of the Yards in A Biography of America (englisch)
- Die Erfindung des Schlachtplans. (PDF; 2,1 MB) – Die Geschichte der Union Stock Yards bei brand eins
Einzelnachweise
<references />
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Kategorien:
- Seiten mit defekten Dateilinks
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Parameter:URL
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Parameter:Linktext
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Parameter:Datum
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:"
- Wikipedia:Weblink offline fix-attempted
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Toter Link
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Toter Link/URL fehlt
- Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Schwesterprojekt
- Wikipedia:Koordinaten-Parameterfehler
- Wikipedia:GND fehlt
- Wikipedia:Normdaten-TYP falsch oder fehlend
- Wikipedia:GND in Wikipedia fehlt, in Wikidata vorhanden
- Wikipedia:GND in Wikipedia vorhanden, fehlt jedoch in Wikidata
- Wikipedia:LCCN in Wikipedia fehlt, in Wikidata vorhanden
- Wikipedia:LCCN in Wikipedia vorhanden, fehlt jedoch in Wikidata
- Wikipedia:VIAF in Wikipedia fehlt, in Wikidata vorhanden
- Wikipedia:VIAF in Wikipedia vorhanden, fehlt jedoch in Wikidata
- Produzierendes Unternehmen (Chicago)
- Schlachthof
- Ehemaliger Lebensmittelhersteller (Vereinigte Staaten)
- Unternehmensgründung 1865
- Aufgelöst 1971